The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has warned that Pakistan is heading toward a serious water crisis. According to the ADB, more than 80 percent of the population lacks access to clean drinking water. The warning comes from the Asian Water Development Outlook Report 2025, which highlights fast-depleting water reserves and growing climate-related risks.
ADB notes that Pakistan’s water security has worsened over the years. Per capita water availability has dropped from 3,500 cubic meters to just 1,100 cubic meters, bringing the country close to absolute scarcity. Excessive groundwater extraction has caused toxic arsenic contamination in several areas. Climate change, population growth, poor management, and misaligned priorities are further intensifying the crisis.
The report identifies agriculture as the largest water-consuming sector in Pakistan. Outdated irrigation systems and inefficient water practices continue to waste significant amounts of water. Weak monitoring and limited conservation efforts have further reduced water efficiency.
ADB stresses that Pakistan’s economic development depends on improved water security. Authorities are urged to focus on long-term reforms, governance improvements, and community-based initiatives rather than relying solely on large infrastructure projects. While strong water policies exist on paper, their implementation remains slow and weak.
Financial constraints are a major challenge. Pakistan’s water sector needs ₨10–12 trillion over the next decade, yet current funding is insufficient. The country is also highly vulnerable to floods and droughts. Recent extreme climate events, like the 2022 floods, displaced millions and highlighted the need for long-term resilience planning.
Poor water and sanitation systems cost Pakistan $2.2 billion annually. Urban areas face weak infrastructure, untreated wastewater, and frequent flooding, while rural communities struggle with limited water access and polluted sources. Industries rely heavily on groundwater, increasing pressure on shrinking reserves.
ADB recommends establishing an independent authority to monitor water quality and improve governance. The report also warns that Pakistan’s rivers, wetlands, and ecosystems are deteriorating due to persistent stress and insufficient restoration.
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Regionally, Asia-Pacific faces similar challenges. Although 2.7 billion people have gained access to water, the region accounts for 41 percent of global floods. Investments totaling $250 billion are needed, with a $150 billion annual funding gap. ADB emphasizes that environmental degradation and funding shortages could increase future water risks across the region.
