A new debate has surfaced within Pakistan’s higher judiciary after Justice Ejaz Ishaq expressed strong reservations over using artificial intelligence (AI) in judicial decision-making.
In a detailed letter addressed to Islamabad High Court Chief Justice Sarfaraz Dogar, Justice Ejaz Ishaq highlighted serious concerns about delegating judicial authority to machines. Copies of the letter were also shared with all Supreme Court judges.
According to the letter, Justice Ejaz Ishaq acknowledged that AI can assist in research, documentation, and case management. However, he argued that it cannot replace human conscience, morality, or independent thinking — all essential elements of fair justice.
He stated that while AI systems are capable of analyzing data, they lack emotional intelligence and moral depth. “The decisions of robot or computer judges will always depend on the programs fed into them,” he cautioned, warning that such technology could never offer independent judgment.
Justice Ejaz Ishaq also discussed how global experts are divided on the issue. Some see AI as a tool for improving efficiency, while others warn about its ethical and moral risks. He aligned himself with the latter group, emphasizing that judicial decisions should remain a human responsibility.
The judge revealed that his opinion on the matter evolved after attending a recent full court meeting where AI integration in the judiciary was discussed. Initially open to the idea, he changed his stance after considering the broader implications for justice and fairness.
He also supported the dissenting opinions of Justice Mohsin Akhtar Kayani and Justice Saman Riffat Imtiaz, who reportedly raised similar objections during the meeting.
Justice Ejaz Ishaq’s stance has now sparked a broader conversation about technology’s role in Pakistan’s judicial system. Many legal experts believe his letter will prompt further debate on how AI should be used — if at all — in future court proceedings.
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