Later this month, Intuitive Machines is set to launch its IM-2 mission from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center, deploying a lander, rover, and hopper near the Moon’s south pole. As part of this mission, Nokia Bell Labs will introduce the first-ever 4G cellular network on the Moon, developed under a contract with NASA.
Why the Moon Needs 4G
Historically, lunar communication has depended on direct point-to-point radio signals, which require an unobstructed line of sight. According to Thierry Klein, president of Nokia Bell Labs Solutions Research, these outdated systems offer limited data transmission and range, making them unsuitable for the planned Artemis lunar base, which aims to accommodate astronauts by the 2030s. The introduction of a 4G network will enhance data speed, increase coverage, and enable connectivity for multiple devices, improving lunar operations.
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How the System Works
Nokia has developed a compact “network in a box,” engineered to endure the Moon’s harsh environment. This unit contains all essential components except the power supply and antenna, which will rely on the lander’s solar panels.
During the IM-2 mission, this 4G network will facilitate communication between the lander, rover, and hopper. However, due to the extreme cold of the lunar night, the system is expected to function only for a few days before becoming inoperative.
Future Prospects
Looking ahead, Nokia aims to expand its 4G or 5G network to support NASA’s Artemis missions, potentially integrating it into astronaut spacesuits. However, concerns have been raised by radio astronomers regarding possible signal interference. Chris De Pree, deputy spectrum manager at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), cautioned that LTE frequencies might disrupt astronomical observations. Additionally, NRAO’s spectrum manager, Harvey Liszt, pointed out that 4G technology has not yet been officially approved for use on the Moon. While Nokia has received a temporary waiver, securing permanent frequency authorization remains a requirement.
